小升初英语知识:语法知识

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  英语对于多数孩子都不算难题,听说都非常厉害!但目前小升初英语的考试不会考查咱孩子听与说的能力,更注重语法知识的考查,所以相对而言语法弱的孩子,迎战小升初会比较拉分。下面是小编汇总的小升初语法的知识!pnZ爱阅读

  小升初英语知识:语法知识pnZ爱阅读

  一.名词:名词单复数,名词的格pnZ爱阅读

  (一)名词单复数pnZ爱阅读

  1.一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-bedspnZ爱阅读

  2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watchespnZ爱阅读

  3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberriespnZ爱阅读

  4.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knivespnZ爱阅读

  5.不规则名词复数:pnZ爱阅读

  man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-micepnZ爱阅读

  child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-JapanesepnZ爱阅读

  不可数名词的复数就是原型: paper, juice, water, milk, rice, teapnZ爱阅读

  (二)名词的格pnZ爱阅读

  (1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格:pnZ爱阅读

  a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirtpnZ爱阅读

  b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bagspnZ爱阅读

  c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoespnZ爱阅读

  ? 并列名词中,如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如:pnZ爱阅读

  Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车pnZ爱阅读

  ? 要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加’spnZ爱阅读

  Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车pnZ爱阅读

  (2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系:如:pnZ爱阅读

  a picture of the classroom a map of ChinapnZ爱阅读

  二.冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类:pnZ爱阅读

  (1)不定冠词:a / an a unit / an unclepnZ爱阅读

  元音开头的可数名词前用an :pnZ爱阅读

  an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress /pnZ爱阅读

  an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / anpnZ爱阅读

  exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /pnZ爱阅读

  (2)定冠词:the the egg the planepnZ爱阅读

  2. 用法:pnZ爱阅读

  定冠词的用法:pnZ爱阅读

  (1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物: The ruler is on the desk.pnZ爱阅读

  (2)复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.pnZ爱阅读

  (3)谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.pnZ爱阅读

  (4)在序数词前: John’s birthday is February the second.pnZ爱阅读

  (5)用于固定词组中: in the morning / afternoon / eveningpnZ爱阅读

  不用冠词的情况:pnZ爱阅读

  (1)专有名词前:China is a big country.pnZ爱阅读

  (2)名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:pnZ爱阅读

  This is my baseball.pnZ爱阅读

  (3)复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.pnZ爱阅读

  (4)在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.pnZ爱阅读

  (5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.pnZ爱阅读

  (6)球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.pnZ爱阅读

  * 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.pnZ爱阅读

  (7)学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.pnZ爱阅读

  (8)在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.pnZ爱阅读

  (9)固定词组中:at noon at night by buspnZ爱阅读

  三、代词:人称代词,物主代词pnZ爱阅读

  人称代词 物主代词pnZ爱阅读

  主格 宾格pnZ爱阅读

  第一pnZ爱阅读

  人称 单数 I(我) me my(我的)pnZ爱阅读

  复数 we(我们) us our(我们的)pnZ爱阅读

  第二pnZ爱阅读

  人称 单数 you(你) you your(你的)pnZ爱阅读

  复数 you(你们) you your(你们的)pnZ爱阅读

  第三pnZ爱阅读

  人称 单数 he(他) him his(他的)pnZ爱阅读

  she(她) her her(她的)pnZ爱阅读

  it(它) it its(它的)pnZ爱阅读

  复数 they(他们/她们/它们) them their(他们的/她们的/它们的)pnZ爱阅读

  四、形容词,副词:比较级,最高级pnZ爱阅读

  (一)、形容词的比较级pnZ爱阅读

  1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, apnZ爱阅读

  little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。pnZ爱阅读

  2.形容词加er的规则pnZ爱阅读

  ⑴ 一般在词尾加er ;pnZ爱阅读

  ⑵ 以字母e 结尾,加r ;pnZ爱阅读

  ⑶ 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;pnZ爱阅读

  ⑷ 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。pnZ爱阅读

  3.不规则形容词比较级:pnZ爱阅读

  good-better, beautiful-more beautifulpnZ爱阅读

  (二)副词的比较级pnZ爱阅读

  1.形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)pnZ爱阅读

  ⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后pnZ爱阅读

  ⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后pnZ爱阅读

  2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)pnZ爱阅读

  五 数词:基数词,序数词一、基数词pnZ爱阅读

  (1)1-20pnZ爱阅读

  one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,pnZ爱阅读

  sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twentypnZ爱阅读

  (2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。pnZ爱阅读

  25→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→pnZ爱阅读

  eighty-nine,91→ninety-onepnZ爱阅读

  (3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;pnZ爱阅读

  586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and threepnZ爱阅读

  (4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“pnZ爱阅读

  ,”前为billionpnZ爱阅读

  1,001→one thousand and onepnZ爱阅读

  18,425→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-threepnZ爱阅读

  6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and ninepnZ爱阅读

  750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billionpnZ爱阅读

  二、序数词pnZ爱阅读

  (1)一般在基数词后加thpnZ爱阅读

  eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenthpnZ爱阅读

  (2)不规则变化pnZ爱阅读

  one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfthpnZ爱阅读

  (3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加thpnZ爱阅读

  twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetiethpnZ爱阅读

  (4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。pnZ爱阅读

  twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifthpnZ爱阅读

  基数词转为序数词的口诀:pnZ爱阅读

  基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.pnZ爱阅读

  一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d.pnZ爱阅读

  八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。pnZ爱阅读

  ty将y变成i,th前面有个e.pnZ爱阅读

  若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。pnZ爱阅读

  六、介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind等pnZ爱阅读

  1.at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。pnZ爱阅读

  at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)pnZ爱阅读

  2.onpnZ爱阅读

  1)表示具体日期。pnZ爱阅读

  注:(1)关于“在周末”的几种表示法:pnZ爱阅读

  at(on)the weekend在周末---特指pnZ爱阅读

  at(on)weekends在周末---泛指pnZ爱阅读

  over the weekend在整个周末pnZ爱阅读

  during the weekend在周末期间pnZ爱阅读

  (2)在圣诞节,应说at Christmas而不说on ChristmaspnZ爱阅读

  2)在(刚……)的时候。pnZ爱阅读

  On reaching the city he called up his parents.pnZ爱阅读

  一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。pnZ爱阅读

  3.inpnZ爱阅读

  1)表示“时段”、“时期”,在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。 in(during)1988(December,pnZ爱阅读

  the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)pnZ爱阅读

  七、动词:动词的四种时态:pnZ爱阅读

  (1)一般现在时:pnZ爱阅读

  一般现在时的构成pnZ爱阅读

  1. be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。pnZ爱阅读

  2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。 如: We study English. 我们学习英语。pnZ爱阅读

  当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加“-s”或“-es”。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。pnZ爱阅读

  动词+s的变化规则pnZ爱阅读

  1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milkspnZ爱阅读

  2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goespnZ爱阅读

  3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studiespnZ爱阅读

  (2)一般过去时:pnZ爱阅读

  动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:pnZ爱阅读

  A、规则动词pnZ爱阅读

  ① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如worked , learned , cleaned , visitedpnZ爱阅读

  ②以e结尾的动词直接加d:如lived , danced , usedpnZ爱阅读

  ③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如study – studied carry – carried worry –pnZ爱阅读

  worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)pnZ爱阅读

  ④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如stoppedpnZ爱阅读

  B、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing – sang , eat – ate ,pnZ爱阅读

  see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – readpnZ爱阅读

  ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,pnZ爱阅读

  are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , losepnZ爱阅读

  – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – feltpnZ爱阅读

  (3)一般将来时:pnZ爱阅读

  基本结构: ①be going to + do;pnZ爱阅读

  ②will+ do. be going to = willpnZ爱阅读

  I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.pnZ爱阅读

  (4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词pnZ爱阅读

  动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则pnZ爱阅读

  ① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eatingpnZ爱阅读

  ② 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing,如having , writingpnZ爱阅读

  ③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , gettingpnZ爱阅读

  第三部分:句法pnZ爱阅读

  1.陈述句pnZ爱阅读

  (1)肯定句:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,如:I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.pnZ爱阅读

  There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.pnZ爱阅读

  (2)、否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如:I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor.pnZ爱阅读

  He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.pnZ爱阅读

  He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.pnZ爱阅读

  2. 疑问句pnZ爱阅读

  一般疑问句:是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用“yes”,或“no”来回答。pnZ爱阅读

  特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该pnZ爱阅读

  问什么就答什么,不能用“yes 、no”来回答。pnZ爱阅读

  3.There be句型pnZ爱阅读

  There be 句型与have, has的区别pnZ爱阅读

  1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)x kb 1.c ompnZ爱阅读

  2、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动pnZ爱阅读

  词的那个名词决定。pnZ爱阅读

  3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。pnZ爱阅读

  4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。pnZ爱阅读

  5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。pnZ爱阅读

  6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。pnZ爱阅读

  7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:pnZ爱阅读

  How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?pnZ爱阅读

  How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?pnZ爱阅读

  8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:pnZ爱阅读

  What’s + 介词短语?pnZ爱阅读

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